Online communities refer to digitally-mediated spaces where individuals can interact, share information, and collaborate with others who share common interests, goals, or values. These communities can take various forms, such as social media platforms, forums, virtual worlds, and online gaming networks. Research in the area of online communities focuses on understanding the dynamics of these virtual spaces, including how individuals form connections, communicate, and engage with one another. This research may examine topics such as online identity, social network structures, community norms, communication patterns, and the impact of online communities on individuals' behavior and well-being. Overall, research on online communities seeks to shed light on the ways in which technology influences social interactions and relationships in the digital age, and how these virtual communities can provide valuable support, social connections, and opportunities for collaboration and learning.